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AFM has been used with great success to evaluate many of the steps in the drug fabrication process, including studies of drug interactions, gene delivery vehicles, crystal growth, and particle formation. Once a drug is formed, its dissolution properties have a direct effect on its absorption in the body. In addition to the wide range of uses in drug
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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a well-established metrology technique used in semiconductor at 65nm nodes and below. Measurement precision, and accuracy are foundational to the AFM including the added benefits of not being a direct, non-destructive technique that is not affected by feature material or shape. In this application, the AFM is used in
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The human tooth has two main calcified parts with quite different mechanical properties. The enamel is hard and brittle, while the dentin is tough, and can absorb and distribute stress. Enamel and dentin meet at the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ). What is the nanometer-scale anatomy of tooth dentin, enamel, and DEJ, and how does that anatomy correspond
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Large, multi-component protein assemblies are involved in many DNA transactions such as recombination, replication, transcription, and repair. In order to progress in the understanding of different key steps of these mechanisms, it is imperative to analyze the structure of the DNA-protein complexes involved and the dynamic interactions that govern their
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Because microbial surfaces are in direct contact with the external environment, they are vital to organisms. Microbial surfaces play key roles in determining cellular shape and growth, enabling organisms to resist turgor pressure, acting as molecular sieves, and mediating molecular recognition and cellular interactions. Therefore, studying the structure
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is being used in a great variety of force measurement applications, including investigating the unfolding pathways of native membrane proteins, probing the structure of single polysaccharide molecules, and monitoring the response of living cells to biochemical stimuli. All of these techniques rely on the accurate determination
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. Designed with the infrequent or novice user in mind, Easy AFM® provides a single interface that presents the user with all of the inputs required to obtain high quality Tapping Mode® images on a majority of samples in air. Two of the hardest things for new users to become familiar with is the process of mounting cantilevers and the alignment
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The atomic force microscope (AFM) offers extraordinarily high resolution in force measurement applications, routinely yielding useful data down to the thermal noise floor of the cantilever, typically about 10pN. This along with the ease with which it is applied to many biological systems has made it a popular tool for studying such things as the specific
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Fluorescence microscopy has become an indispensable tool in cell biology because it allows specific proteins to be visualized. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is also becoming extensively used in the life sciences, but its development has largely followed an independent path and is used for somewhat different, but often complementary, purposes. Both methods
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