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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has opened exciting new avenues in microbiology and biophysics for probing microbial cells. The unprecedented capabilities of AFM can be summarized as follows: i) imaging surface topography with nanometer lateral resolution and under physiological conditions; ii) measuring local physical properties such as adhesion forces
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AFM has contributed to ground-breaking research in the investigation of DNA, proteins, and cells in biological studies; structure and component distribution in polymer science; piconewton force interactions and surfactant behavior in colloid science; and physical/ mechanical properties and fabrication variables in the material sciences. Pharmaceutical