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Thanks for your comment You mean that the van der Waals’ force account for these effects in liquid? But in air, these effects mainly caused by capillary force.
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When perform the force spectroscopy in liquid, why the “snap-in” and” pull-off” still happen on hard substrate (HOPG)? Does the contaminant on the tip account for this effect?
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We perform the elastic mapping in water. However, the retrace curve is below the trace curve on HOPG, but we also find that the retrace curve is to the right of trace curve on nanobubble. And we do not understand too.
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I encounter this problem too. In my opinion, the TM deflection can reflect the tapping force during scanning, that is to say: the average force exerting on the sample. This data is useful in force modulation.