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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides the ability to perform three-dimensional measurements of surface structures at nanometer-to-subangstrom resolution in ambient and liquid environments. These capabilities have led to ground-breaking life sciences advances in the investigation of DNA, proteins, and cells.1 In particular, pharmaceutical research involves
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Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are most often used for high-resolution imaging and detailed surface characterization, but soon after their invention it was recognized that they could also be used to change, interact with, and control nanoscale matter. A well-known early example of this was the IBM logo written with Xenon atoms by Don Eigler‘s
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AFM has been used with great success to evaluate many of the steps in the drug fabrication process, including studies of drug interactions, gene delivery vehicles, crystal growth, and particle formation. Once a drug is formed, its dissolution properties have a direct effect on its absorption in the body. In addition to the wide range of uses in drug
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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a well-established metrology technique used in semiconductor at 65nm nodes and below. Measurement precision, and accuracy are foundational to the AFM including the added benefits of not being a direct, non-destructive technique that is not affected by feature material or shape. In this application, the AFM is used in
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Diminshing feature size, combined with requirements for higher throughput during quality control, have steadily increased demand for Critical Dimension Atomic Force Microscopy (CD AFM). In contrast to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the CD AFM provides a solution for nondestructive and rapid 3-dimensional measurementof features with 1.5nm 3s repeatability
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The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1982 initiated the creation of what is known today as a whole family of scanning probe microscopies (SPMs). The importance of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was soon recognized and culminated in the award of half the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics to Binnig and Rohrer. Early STM work focused mainly
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The human tooth has two main calcified parts with quite different mechanical properties. The enamel is hard and brittle, while the dentin is tough, and can absorb and distribute stress. Enamel and dentin meet at the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ). What is the nanometer-scale anatomy of tooth dentin, enamel, and DEJ, and how does that anatomy correspond
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Large, multi-component protein assemblies are involved in many DNA transactions such as recombination, replication, transcription, and repair. In order to progress in the understanding of different key steps of these mechanisms, it is imperative to analyze the structure of the DNA-protein complexes involved and the dynamic interactions that govern their
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Because microbial surfaces are in direct contact with the external environment, they are vital to organisms. Microbial surfaces play key roles in determining cellular shape and growth, enabling organisms to resist turgor pressure, acting as molecular sieves, and mediating molecular recognition and cellular interactions. Therefore, studying the structure
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is being used in a great variety of force measurement applications, including investigating the unfolding pathways of native membrane proteins, probing the structure of single polysaccharide molecules, and monitoring the response of living cells to biochemical stimuli. All of these techniques rely on the accurate determination